[Synchronic effect of curcumin and swimming training on depression level in morphine dependent male mice]

Background: There is need to more research because of extent drug trade in country and diversity of proposal cures such as non pharmacological ways including exercise and herbal supplements medicine

Objective: The aim of this study was investigation of synchronic effect of Curcumin and swim training on depression in morphine dependent male mice

Methods: In an experimental research, 40 Albino NMRI male mice with 19- 21 gr were selected as subjects and they were divide randomly to care groups of control, morphine, swim training, Curcumin, Swim training+ Curcumin. Subjects swam 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 1 week with receiving Curcumin. Then, they were taken morphine [2.5 mg/ml/kg] for 5 days with swim training. Therefore FST was done and after 10 days this test was taken again

Results: Training increased swimming activity time, but it had no significant effect on immobility and climbing activities. At this period, Curcumin supplement caused increasing the time of climbing activities and no alteration in immobility and swimming times. Curcumin supplement with swim training caused increasing immobility time and decreasing swimming time, but it had no significant effect on climbing activities time

Conclusion: The results of this research showed that morphine consumption didn't cause depression. Also, combination of Curcumin supplement and swim training didn't cause depression decreasing in morphine consumption term

[Prevalence of overweight and obesity and their relation with physical fitness among tehranian children of preschool age]

Overweight and obesity are important public health problems in preschoolers because most eating and physical activity habits are established during childhood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Tehranian preschoolers using different standard criteria and to determine their relation with physical fitness. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 381 preschoolers, aged 5 to 6 years. Anthropometric, health-related and motor fitness tests were assessed in all children. Based on IOTF reference, 7.36% [Cl: 0.037-0.111] and 4.73% [Cl: 0.017-0.078] of boys and 11.51% [Cl: 0.070-0.160] and 10.99% [CI: 0.066-0.154] of girls were overweight and obese, respectively. Significant correlations were found between 20 m sprint test, predicted VO2max and most of the anthropometric indices in boys and between modified sit-ups, predicted VO2max and most of the anthropometric indices in girls. These findings emphasize the relatively high prevalence of overweight and obesity in both sexes and show that overweight and obesity were limiting factors for fitness performance levels. Overweight and obesity were indicative of poor physical fitness in both genders. Overweight and obese children, compared to their underweight and normal-weight counterparts, demonstrate inferior performance in most motor and health-related fitness parameters

[ effects of a single session of combined aerobic and resistance exercise on leptin levels and insulin resistance index in sedentary men]

Physical activity energy expenditure may mediate the relationship between plasma leptin levels and worsening insulin resistance independent of adiposity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a single session of combined exercise on leptin levels and insulin resistance index in sedentary men. Ten male subjects [22.9 +/- 1.7 years] and BMI [23 +/- 1.7kg.m[-2]] performed a single session of combined exercise including aerobic exercise: 60-70% of their maximal oxygen consumption for 20 min, and resistance exercise: 2 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of 1 repetition in maximum. Leptin, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance indexes were measured before and 24 h after an exercise. There were significant differences for leptin [ng.ml[-1]] [pre, 4.97[1.44]; post, 3.84[0.83]], and insulin resistance index [pre, 1.25[0.33]; post, 1.02[0.16]] [p<0.05]. But glucose [mmol.l[-1]] [pre, 4.4[0.42]; post, 4.25[0.4]], and insulin concentration [micro U.ml[-1] micro .ml[-1]] [pre, 5.8[0.74]; post, 5.39[0.48]] had significantly no changes after 24 h post-exercise. This study has suggested a single session of combined exercise along with a significant change of the leptin levels can affect positively on insulin resistance index

[Effects of combination of long - term ginger consumption and resistance training on lipid peroxidation and insulin resistance in obese men]

Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of long-term ginger consumption and progressive resistance training on lipid per oxidation and insulin resistance in obese men. In a randomized double-blind design, 32 obese men [BMI >/= 30] were assigned in to one of four groups: a Placebo [PL,n=8], Ginger group, that consumed 1 gr ginger/d for 10 wk [GI,n=8], resistance training plus Placebo [PLRT,n=8], and 1gr ginger plus resistance exercise [GIRT, n=8]. Progressive resistance training was performed three days per week for 10 weeks and included 8 exercises. At baseline and after 10 weeks venous blood samples were obtained from the antecubital vein, and Malondialdehyde [MDA] as an indicator of lipid peroxidation, pectrophotometrically were assayed by measurement of TBARS assay. Moreover, insulin resistance was determined using a homeostasis model assessment [HOMA-IR]. Two-way ANOVA were used in the statistical analysis. After 10 weeks of intervention, we observed a significant decrease for MDA concentration in all groups exception Placebo group [P<0.05]. Moreover, significant decreases in the mean values of insulin resistance were observed in CIRT and PLRT groups [P<0.05]. While it remained unchanged in GI and PL groups [p>0.05] Therefore, according to this results it can be said, that, long term ginger consumption and resistance training has been an effective therapeutic devise to favorable changes in lipid peroxidation and insulin resistance in obese men

[Influence of dopamine D1 receptors of the dorsal hippocampus on the histamine-induced anxiety behavior in mice]

Dopamine receptors and histamine influence anxiety-like behaviors. Furthermore, interaction between histamine and dopaminergic D1 receptors has been demonstrated in the modulation of some behavior. In the present study, we investigated the interaction between histamine and dopaminergic D1 receptors in the dorsal hippocampus in the anxiety behavior. In this experimental study, the elevated plus maze test was used to test anxiety-like behaviors. Mice were anesthetized with intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride, plus xylazine, and two stainless-steel cannuale were placed in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Two- and one-way analyses of variance [ANOVAs], followed by LSD test, were used for data analysis. All experiments were performed in accordance with the institutional guidelines for animal care and use. Intra-CA1 injection of histamine and D1 dopamine agonist [SKF 38393] and antagonist [SCH23390] induced anxiety. Intra-CA1 injection SKF 38393 or SCH23390 2 min after of effective dose of histamine [10 micro g/mouse] inhibited anxiogenic effects of histamine. It seems that both histamine and dopaminergic D1 receptors play a part in the modulation of anxiety in the dorsal hippocampus of mice, and that they carry a complex interaction between them

[ effect of L-arginine in the ventral tegmenta area on the improving effect of nicotine on memory]

Nitric oxide synthesis has been detected in ventral tegmental area, which is a key brain region that seems to mediate behavioral effect of morphine and nicotine. In the present study, the effects of L-arginine, a nitric oxide precursor, in the ventral tegmental area in nicotine's effect on morphine-induced amnesia has been investigated. This study was done experimentally on 250 male rats. Rats were anesthetized with intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride, plus xylazine and then placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Two stainless-steel cannuale were placed in the ventral tegmental area. The behavioral testing was started in inhibitory avoidance task, and the step-through latency for entering into the dark compartment was measured for the assessment of memory retention. One-side analysis of variance [ANOVA] and Tukey test were used to evaluate the statistical significance between experimental groups. A difference of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Post-training injection of morphine [5 and 7.5mg/kg] decreased the memory retrieval. Injection of nicotine or L-arginine before test by itself has no effect on memory retrieval. On the other hand, pre-test administration of morphine [7.5mg/kg], nicotine [0.5 and 1mg/kg], L-arginine or ineffective doses of L-arginine plus non-effective dose of nicotine restored memory impairment induced by post-training injection of morphine. The finding of the study indicate that nitric oxide system of the ventral tegmental area may play an important role in the improving effect of nicotine on the morphine-induced amnesia

[ comparison of GH, insulin resistance index, lipid profile, cardiorespiratory function and their relations to leptin levels in inactive obese and lean young men]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare GH, insulin resistance index, lipid profile, cardiorespiratory function and their associations to leptin levels in inactive obese and lean young men

Materials and Methods: Thirty-eight obese and lean young men were studied. After 12 h fasting [at 8 A.M.], blood samples were collected to determine blood parameters levels and maximal oxygen uptake [as indicators of cardiorespiratory function] of subjects was also assessed

Results: Leptin and insulin levels, HOMA-IR [insulin resistance index] were higher, and GH and maximal oxygen uptake levels were lower, in obese versus lean men. Serum leptin concentrations were positively correlated to body mass, body fat percent, body mass index, insulin and HOMA-IR, and negatively correlated to GH levels and maximal oxygen uptake. No significant correlations were observed between serum leptin concentrations and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profiles in any of the groups. Independent t-tests were used to compare characteristics between obese and underweight groups, and relationships were calculated by Pearson's correlation analysis, P values<0.01 being considered statistically significant

Conclusion: Obese and lean inactive young men had different levels of leptin, GH, insulin, insulin resistance index, cardiorespiratory function and body fat percent, of which body fat percent, insulin, and GH appear to the be more important determinant factors for leptin levels

[Interaction between nicotine and dopaminergic D1 receptor of dorsal hippocampus in the hole-board test of anxiety]

Background: Nicotinic and dopaminergic systems influence anxiety behavior. Furthermore, the interaction between nicotine and dopamine D1 receptors has been demonstrated in modulation of some behaviors

Objective: To investigate the involvement of dorsal hippocampus dopaminergic D1 receptor in the nicotine effects on anxiety behavior

Methods: This was an experimental study carried out at Tehran Institute of Cognitive Sciences in2009. Initially, 190 mice in 10-member groups were placed in a stereotaxic apparatus and twocannulae placed in the CA1 region of hippocampus. Later, the effects of dopaminergic D1 receptors agonist [SKF38393] and antagonist [SCH23390] on nicotine anxiogenic effects in mice were measured using hole-board test of anxiety. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett's test

Findings: Nicotine [0.5 mg/kg] produced anxiogenic effect [P<0.001]. Intra-CA1 injections of ineffective doses of SCH23390 reversed the anxiogenic effects induced by nicotine [P<0.001]. Furthermore, co-administration of ineffective dose of SKF38393 plus ineffective dose of nicotine increased the anxiogenic effect of nicotine [P<0.001]. Locomotion activity was unchanged when no drug was administered

Conclusion: The results indicated that dopamine D1 receptors of the dorsal hippocampus have modulatory role in the anxiogenic response induced by nicotine

[Influence of nicotine on muscimol state-dependent memory in the step-down passive avoidance test]

Due to overlapping distribution of GABA receptors with nicotinic receptors in some parts of brain such as dorsal hippocampus, the functional interactions between nicotinic acetylcholine and GABA ergic systems in cognitive control seems possible. The present study evaluated the possible role of nicotinic receptors of the dorsal hippocampus in muscimol [the GABA[A] receptor agonist] induced amnesia and muscimol state-dependent memory in adult male mice. This experimental study included 185 adult male NMRI mice. The drugs used in this study were muscimol and nicotine. The mice were anaesthetized and placed into a stereotaxic apparatus. Cannulas were implanted bilaterally in the CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus. After a seven day recovery period, the behavioral testing was performed by using inhibitory avoidance task. Prolongation of the step-down latency was measured as a criterion for the assessment of memory retention. Post-training administration of muscimol [0.15 and 0.075 micro g/mouse] decreased the memory retrieval. The memory impairment induced by muscimol [0.15micro g/mouse] was completely reversed by administration of muscimol or nicotine [1.5 and 1 micro g/mouse] on the test day, which suggests muscimol, induced state-dependent memory. These results suggested that nicotinic receptors of the dorsal hippocampus may play an important role in muscimol -induced amnesia and muscimol state-dependent memory

[Influence of dorsal hippocampal GABA receptors on state-dependent learning induced by CB1 cannabinoid receptors agonist in mice]

Cannabinoids exert widespread effects on cognitive functions. An overlapped distribution of GABA receptors and cannabinoid receptors has been reported in some brain structures [e.g. dorsal hippocampus]. Thus, the present study was undertaken to examine the possible role of the dorsal hippocampus GABA[A] receptors on ACPA induced amnesia and ACPA state-dependent memory. This experimental study was conducted on 250 adult male NMRI mice. Muscimol and ACPA were used as agonists of GABA[A] and the cannabinoid CB1 receptors, respectively. Mice were anaesthetized and cannulae were implanted bilaterally into the CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus. Seven days after post-surgery recovery, the behavioral testing was performed using an inhibitory avoidance task and the step-down latency of the animals was used to assess memory retention. Post-training administration of ACPA [3ng/mouse] impaired the memory retrieval. The memory impairment induced by ACPA was fully reversed by pre-test administration of ACPA or muscimol. The results suggest that the GABA[A] receptors of the dorsal hippocampal may play an important role in ACPA-induced amnesia and ACPA state-dependent memory

[Influence of WIN55, 212-2 on morphine state-dependent memory in the step-down passive avoidance test]

Both endogenous cannabinoids and opiate substances have high levels of expression in the brain and may have important neuromodulatory functions. The present study evaluated the possible role of cannabinoid system of the dorsal hippocampus in morphine induced amnesia and morphine state-dependent memory in adult male mice. In this experimental study 255 adult male NMRI mice were anaesthetized and put into a stereotaxic device and cannula were implanted bilaterally in the CA1 regions of their dorsal hippocampus. Seven days after recovery from surgery, the behavioral testing was started by use of inhibitory avoidance task. In this study morphine and WIN55, 212-2 was used as opioid receptor agonist and cannabinoid receptor agonist respectively. Intra peritoneal [i.p.] administration of morphine immediately after training, decreased memory formation in a dose-dependent way [P<0.01]. Amnesia induced by post-training morphine injection was reversed by pre-test administration of the same dose of morphine that is due to a state-dependent effect [P<0.001]. Pre-test intra-CA1 administration of WIN55 212-2 after training, reversed amnesia induced by morphine and restored normal memory state [P<0.001]. The results of this study suggested that cannabinoid receptors of the dorsal hippocampal CA1 regions might play an important role in morphine-induced amnesia and morphine state-dependent memory

[Interaction between apomorphine and histaminergic system of mouse dorsal hippocampus in the elevated plus-maze test of anxiety]

Histaminergic and dopaminergic systems influence anxiety-related behavior. Furthermore, interaction between histaminergic and dopaminergic receptors has been demonstrated in the modulation of some behaviors in the hippocampus. In the present study, the interaction between histaminergic and dopaminergic receptors of dorsal hippocampus in the anxiety-related behavior has been evaluated. This experimental study was carried out on 140 male NMRI mice. Mice were anesthetized with intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride plus xylazine and then placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Two cannuales were placed in the CA1 region of hippocampus. All animals were allowed to recover for one week before the beginning of the behavioral testing. The elevated plus-maze test was used to evaluate anxiety-related behaviors. One-way analysis of variance [ANOVA] followed by LSD test were done for the statistical analysis of the data. All experiments were conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines for animal care and use. Intra-CA1 injection of histamine [10 alpha g/mouse] or apomorphine [0.1 and 0.3 alpha g/mouse] 5 min before testing induced anxiety. Intra-CA1 injection of apomorphine [0.01 and 0.1 alpha g/mouse] 2 min before the effective dose of histamine [10 alpha g/mouse] inhibited the anxiogenic effects of histamine. It seems that both histaminergic and dopaminergic system not only play a role in the modulation of anxiety in the dorsal hippocampus of mice but also demonstrate a complex interaction as well

[Interaction between cannabinoidergic system and H2 receptors in CA1 region upon anxiety-like behaviors in Hole-Board test]

Cannabinoids produce a wide array of effects on different species and interact with different neurotransmitter systems in the brain. In the present study, the effects of histaminergic and cannabinoidregic systems as well as their interactions on anxiety-related behaviors were examined on mice. In this study, at first mice were anesthetized with intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine. They were then placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Two stainless-steel cannuale were placed one mm above CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus. After that, seventeen groups of animals were tested with hole board apparatus for measuring anxiety behavior. For the statistical analysis, One-way analysis of variance [ANOVA] and Dunnett's test were used. Intra-CA1 injection of WIN55, 212-2 [0.1, 0.5 microg/mice] did not modify anxiety-related behaviors in mice. But administration of AM251 [25 and 50ng/mice], histamine or ranitidine [5micro g/mice] induced anxiogenic-like response. Also, co-administration of WIN55, 212-2 with histaminergic agents, decreased the anxiogenic-like response of histamine, but not that of ranitidine. Co-administration of an ineffective dose of AM251 with histaminergic drugs did not alter the response induced by these drugs. In all the experiments, locomotor activity was not significantly changed. These results showed that there may be a partial interaction between the cannabinoidergic and the histaminergic systems of the dorsal hippocampus on anxiety-like behaviors

[Interaction between dopamine D2 and NMDA receptors in the dorsal hippocampus of rats in the elevated plus-maze test of anxiety]

Different studies have indicated that glutamate and dopamine are involved in producing anxiety. Furthermore, interaction between NMDA and dopamine receptors has been demonstrated in the modulation of some behaviors. In the present study, the role of dopaminergic D2 receptor in producing anxiety-like behavior induced by inhibition of NMDA receptors was investigated in male wistar rats. Rats were anesthetized with intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride, plus xylazine and then placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Two stainless-steel cannuale were placed in the CA1 region of hippocampus. All animals were allowed to recover for one week before beginning behavioral test. The elevated plus maze test was used to test anxiety-like behaviors. The results of this study showed that intra-CA1 injection of MK801 [2 micro g/rat] induced anxiolytic effects. Intra-CA1 injection sulpiride [0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 micro g/rat] by itself had no effect on anxiety-like behaviors, but administration of the same doses of sulpiride 5 mins before injection of the effective dose of MK801 [2 micro g/rat, intra-CA1] inhibited anxiolytic effects of MK801. The results indicated that CA1 region of hippocampus have an important role in anxiolytic effects of MK801; and anxiolytic effect of NMDA receptors antagonist is at least partly mediated via D2 receptors of the dorsal hippocampus

[Influence of intracerebral administration of l-arginine in dorsal hippocampus [CA1] on win55, 212-2 induced state-dependent memory]

Cannabinoids are a class of psychoactive compounds that produce a wide array of effects in a large number of species. In the present study, the effects of bilateral intra-CA1 injections of L-arginine on WIN55, 212-2 induced state-dependent memory of passive avoidance task was examined in mice. One-trial step-down paradigm was used for the assessment of memory retention in adult male NMRI mice. Post-training intraCA1 administration of cannabinoid receptor agonist, WIN55, 212-2 [0.5 and 1 micro g/mouse], decreased the memory retrieval. The memory impairment induced by post-training administration of WIN55, 212-2 [1micro g/mouse]was restored by pre-test administration of the same dose of the drug, showing the state-dependent memory of WIN55, 212-2. Single intra-CA1 administration of L-arginine [0.3, 1 and 3 micro g/mouse] 5min pre-test could not alter the memory retrieval. On the other hand, in the animals in which retrieval was impaired due to post-training administration of WIN55, 212-2 [1micro g/ mouse], pre-test intra-CA1 administration of L-arginine [1 and 3 micro g/ mouse], 24hr after training restored memory retrieval. Furthermore, in the animals under influence of post-training administration of WIN55, 212-2 [1 micro g/mouse], pre-test co-administration of non-effective doses of WIN55, 212-2 and L-arginine, increased the restoration of memory by the pre-test WIN55, 212-2. The findings of the present study suggest that NO system of dorsal hippocampus may play an important role in WIN55,212-2-induced amnesia and WIN55,212-2 state-dependent memory

[Interaction between harmane and nicotinic in the passive avoidance test]

A number of beta-carboline alkaloids such as harmane are naturally present in the human food chain. Furthermore, some plants which contain beta-carboline have behavioral effects such as hallucination. In the present study, the effect of intra-dorsal hippocampus injection of nicotinic receptor agonist on memory impairment induced by harmane was examined in mice. This study was conducted at Shahid Beheshti University in 2009. Two hundred and forty mice were anesthetized with intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride, plus xylazine which afterwards were placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Two cannuale were placed in the CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus. All animals were allowed to recover for a total week before beginning of the behavioral testing. After that, the animals were trained in a step-down type inhibitory avoidance task and tested 24 hours after training to measure step-down latency as a scale of memory. Pre-training and post-training, intra-peritoneal injection of harmane impairs inhibitory avoidance memory, but pre-testing injection of harmane did not alter memory retrieval. Pre-testing administration of high dose of nicotine [0.5 micro g/mice, intra-CA1] decreased memory retrieval. On the other hand, pre-test intra-CA1 injection of ineffective doses of nicotine [0.1 and 2.5 micro g/mice] fully reversed harmane induced impairment of memory. The present results indicated that complex interaction exists between nicotinic receptor of dorsal hippocampus and the impairment of inhibitory avoidance memory induced by harmane

[ effect of dorsal hippocampal alpha2-adrenegic receptors on WIN55,212-2 state-dependent memory of passive avoidance]

Cannabinoids are a class of psychoactive compounds that produce a wide array of effects in a large number of species. In the present study, the effects of bilateral intra-CA1 injections of an alpha2-adrenergic receptor agents, on WIN55, 212-2 state-dependent learning were examined in adult male Wistar rats. The animals were bilaterally implanted with chronic cannulae in the CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus, trained in a step-down type inhibitory avoidance task, and tested 24h after training to measure step-down latency. Post-training intra-CA1 injection of WIN55, 212-2 [0.25 and 0.5microg/rat] induced impairment of memory retention. Amnesia produced by post-training WIN55, 212-2 [0.5microg/rat] was reversed by pre-test administration of the same dose of WIN55, 212-2 that is due to a state-dependent effect. Pre-test intra-CA1 injection of clonidine [0.5 and 0.75microg/rat, intra-CA1] improved post-training WIN55, 212-2 [0.5microg/rat, intra-CA1]-induced retrieval impairment, while pre-test intra-CA1 injection of yohimbine [1microg/rat, intra-CA1] 2min before the administration of WIN55, 212-2 [0.5microg/rat, intra-CA1] inhibited WIN55, 212-2 state-dependent memory. These results suggest that alpha2-adrenergic receptors of the dorsal hippocampal CA1 regions may play an important role in Win55, 212-2-induced amnesia and WIN55, 212-2 state-dependent memory

[ interaction between harmane and nicotinic receptors of dorsalhippocampus in a hole-board test of anxiety in mice]

beta-carboline alkaloids, such as harmane, are found in common plant-derived foodstuffs and plant-derived inhalation components of tobacco. In the present study, the involvement of dorsal hippocampus nicotinic receptor in the harmane effects on anxiety behavior has been evaluated. Mice were anesthetized with an intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride plus xylazine and then placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Cannual were bilaterally implanted in the CA1 region of hippocampus. All animals were allowed to recover for 1 week before the beginning of the behavioral testing. The hole-board test was used to evaluate the anxiety-like behaviors. One-way analys was of variance so that Dunnett's test was used to analyse data. All experiments were performed in accordance with institutional guidelines for animal care and use. Intraperitoneal injection of harmane decreased the number of head dip and locomotion [P<0.001]. While bilateral intra-dorsal hippocampal injections of nicotine decreased the number of head dip [P<0.01], it had no effect on locomotor activity. Furthermore, intra-dorsal hippocampal injection of mecamylamine [nicotinic receptor antagonist] in the presence and absence of harmane had no effect on anxiety behavior and locomotion [P>0.05]. harmane and nicotine not only display anxiogenic effects but also demonstrate a complex interaction. The findings also indicated that harmane induces anxiety via nonnicotinic receptors

[Involvement of D1/D2 receptors on 1-methyl-B-carboline [harmane] induced-amnesia in the step-down passive avoidance test]

Background and Objective: a number of beta-carboline alkaloids such as harmane are naturally present in the human food chain. In the present study the involvement of dopaminergic system on harmane induced amnesia was investigated

Materials and Methods: one-trial step-down paradigm was used for the assessment of memory retention in adult male NMRI mice

Results: intraperitoneal [i.p.] administration of harmane [5 and 10 mg/kg] immediately after training, dose dependently decreased memory formation. Administration of D1/D2 receptors agonist, Apo morphine [0.5 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.] before testing by itself could not alter memory retrieval. On the other hand, in the animals in which memory formation was impaired due to harmane post-training administration, pre-test administration of Apo morphine [0.5 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.] 24 hrs. After training in days test restored memory Furthermore, administration of SCH23390 [0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.] or sulpiride [12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p.] before testing by itself could not alter memory retrieval, respectively. On the other hand in the animals in which memory formation was impaired due to harmane post-training injection, pre-test administration of SCH23390 [0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg] or sulpiride [25, 50 mg/kg, i.p.] 24 hrs. after training in days test decreased harmane-induced amnesia

Conclusion: these findings indicate the involvement of D1/D2 receptors in harmane induced-amnesia through different mechanism[s]